Archbishop Moeller High School · Latin I

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Latin
amo
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English
to love
verb
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Grammar Reference

All key grammar from your Latin I coursework

Personal Endings — Active

PersonSingularPlural
1st-o / -m-mus
2nd-s-tis
3rd-t-nt
Used for active voice. 1st person singular present uses -o (e.g., amo); all other tenses use -m (e.g., amabam).

Personal Endings — Passive

PersonSingularPlural
1st-r / -or-mur
2nd-ris-mini
3rd-tur-ntur
Agent of passive: a/ab + ablative — e.g., a militibus amatur = "he is loved by the soldiers."

Present Tense — amo (1st Conj.)

ActivePassive
1samoamor
2samasamaris
3samatamatur
1pamamusamamur
2pamatisamamini
3pamantamantur

Imperfect Tense — amo

ActivePassive
1samabamamabar
2samabasamabaris
3samabatamabatur
1pamabamusamabamur
2pamabatisamabamini
3pamabantamabantur
Imperfect = ongoing/repeated past action. Formed with -ba- infix.

Future Tense — mitto (3rd Conj.)

PersonActive
1smittam
2smittes
3smittet
1pmittemus
2pmittetis
3pmittent
3rd conjugation future uses -a-/-e-, NOT -bi-. 1st person uses -a-, all others use -e-.

Noun Cases (1st & 2nd Declension)

Case1st (f.)2nd (m.)2nd (n.)
Nom sg-a-us-um
Gen sg-ae-i-i
Dat sg-ae-o-o
Acc sg-am-um-um
Abl sg-a-o-o
Nom pl-ae-i-a
Gen pl-arum-orum-orum
Dat pl-is-is-is
Acc pl-as-os-a
Abl pl-is-is-is

4th Declension (impetus / genu)

Casemasc. sgmasc. plneut. sgneut. pl
Nomimpetusimpetusgenugenua
Genimpetusimpetuumgenusgenuum
Datimpetuiimpetibusgenugenibus
Accimpetumimpetusgenugenua
Ablimpetuimpetibusgenugenibus
Neuter 4th declension: singular dat is genu (same as other sg cases). genibus is irregular for dat/abl plural.

Dative of Possession

habeo formDative construction
Gladium habes.Gladius tibi est.
Hostes habemus.Hostes nobis sunt.
Aquam habet.Aqua ei est.
Libros habetis.Libri vobis sunt.
Latin expresses "have" via esse + nominative + dative. Gladius tibi est = literally "A sword is to/for you" = "You have a sword."

Indirect Statement

PatternExampleMeaning
dicit + inf.dicit eum venirehe says that he comes
putat + inf.putat milites pugnarethinks soldiers fight
audit + inf.audit reginam amarehears the queen loves
In indirect statement, the subject of the infinitive goes into the accusative case. The verb becomes an infinitive.

Adjective Agreement (4th Decl.)

Noun formAdjective (longus)
cornibus (dat/abl pl neut)longis
tumultuum (gen pl masc)magnorum
impetui (dat sg masc)funesto
domus (nom sg fem)nostra
domus (gen pl fem)nostrarum
Adjectives must match their noun in case, number, and gender — not necessarily in ending.

Complementary Infinitive

VerbMeaningExample
possumcan / am abledare possumus
debeoought / mustdare debemus
volowant / wishpugnare vult
Possum and debeo require a complementary infinitive. The infinitive carries the main action; the modal verb carries person/number.

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